Public Rd&i Policies and Their Impacts: Externalities, Challenges and Results

This paper explores the role of public funding and policies to support research, development and innovation (RD&I) in different national contexts, covering both developed and developing countries. The analysis includes the impact of these policies on strengthening innovation capacity, economic growth and the creation of positive externalities through more integrated innovation systems. The study discusses the challenges faced by National Innovation Systems (NIS), such as fragmentation between the public and private sectors and the low absorption ca-pacity of new technologies. Practical examples are presented that highlight the importance of public-private partnerships and a long-term strategic agenda to maximize R&D results. It is concluded that a coordinated approach, focusing on the integration of academia, government and the productive sector, is essential to promote sustainable innovation and global socioeconomic development.