Triple Helix In Scientific and Technological Parks: A Systematic Mapping

The Triple Helix innovation model, based on the interaction between universities, industry, and government, represents a promising approach to fostering innovation, particularly in the software sector, as exemplified by Silicon Valley. Despite its advantages, the TH model faces challenges such as financial sustainability, low knowledge absorption, and a lack of systemic integration among the actors, which limits the full potential of interactions within innovation ecosystems. In this context, this study proposes a quantitative analysis of the literature to identify trends and gaps in the interaction among innovation ecosystem actors, aiming to provide both theoretical and practical insights into the TH model and optimize multi-agent interactions. The literature mapping identified that interactions between universities, government, and industry primarily occur through formal partnerships, such as public-private partnerships (PPPs) and research and development (R&D) projects, with a focus on developed countries like China and the United States and the high-tech sector. Geographical proximity and financial support are critical success factors, while the lack of synergy and continuous support represent significant challenges. The study provides insights for the development of public policies and innovation strategies, fostering a more integrated innovation system.